Traslado de la actividad

Este blog queda concluido aquí hasta que tenga que desarrollar en algún momento 2º de la ESo, pero mientras que me centre sólo en 1º de la ESO la tarea vamos a desarrollarla en Bilingue Sauces 1º ESO, solo la materia de los alumnos con la asignatura de pendientes continuará aquí.

The earth in Balance, quiz

Dubai, una de las ciudades más espectaculares

Build your own custom video playlist at embedr.com

The Slums in Mumbai and the shanty towns

Wiki says:

Shanty towns (also called squatter settlements camps, favelas or Georgie Slums) are settlements (sometimes illegal or unauthorized) of impoverished people who live in improvised dwellings made from scrap plywood, corrugated metal, and sheets of plastic. Shanty towns are mostly found in developing nations, or partially developed nations with an unequal distribution of wealth (or, on occasion, developed countries in a severe recession). In extreme cases, shanty towns have populations approaching that of a city.

The first recorded use of the word shanty, as meaning a crude dwelling.

There is a near total absence of formal street grids, numbered streets, sanitation networks, electricity and telephones. Shanty towns also tend to lack basic services present in more formally organized settlements, including policing, medical services, and fire fighting. Fires are a particular danger for shanty towns because of the close proximity of buildings and flammability of materials used in construction.

Stereotypes present shanty towns as inevitably having high rates of crime, suicide, drug use, and disease. However the observer Georg Gerster has noted (with specific reference to the invasões of Brasilia), "squatter settlements [as opposed to slums], despite their unattractive building materials, may also be places of hope, scenes of a counter-culture, with an encouraging potential for change and a strong upward impetus."

The largest shanty town in the world is the Neza-Chalco-Itza barrio in Mexico. The largest shanty town in Asia is the Orangi Township in Karachi, Pakistan. while the largest in Africa is Kibera in Nairobi, Kenya. Another large shanty town is Dharavi in Mumbai, India which houses over 1 million people.

Favela

The World´s megacities

Urban Growth, 1800 - 2030

By Hans Karssenberg

28-06-2007

Throughout history, most human beings have lived in rural areas. But urbanization was rapid throughout the 20th Century.

This article is part of the Inspiring Cities open source campaign Help Us Write the 2008 UNFPA Culture Paragraph.

By 2007, city dwellers will outnumber those in rural areas for the first time in history.In 1800, only 3 per cent of people lived in cities. London, with about a million habitants, was the largest city in the world.

By 1950, the world was urbanizing rapidly, 8 cities had populations of 5 million or more. Two were in the developing world.

By 2000, 30 more cities had 5 million people or more. Most were in the developing world. 47 per cent of the world’s people lived in urban areas.

By 2015, another 17 cities will have grown to 5 million or more. 23 will be “mega-cities” with 10 million people or more. Most will be in the developing world.

By 2030, 20 cities are projected to have 20 million people or more. Based on current trends, 1.5 billion people will live in slums.

Source
Our Urbanizing World
http://www.unfpa.org/pds/images/Trend_Graphic.swf

Megalopolis

It´s the narrative history of the city of Charlotte, North Carolina. It uses stop motion video animation to physically manipulate aerial still images of the city (both real and fictional), creating a landscape in constant motion

Starting around 1755 on a Native American trading path, the viewer is presented with the building of the first house in Charlotte. From there we see the town develop through the historic dismissal of the English, to the prosperity made by the discovery of gold and the subsequent roots of the building of the multitude of churches that the city is famous for. Now the landscape turns white with cotton, and the modern city is ‘born’, with a more detailed re-creation of the economic boom and surprising architectural transformation that has occurred in the past 20 years:

Metropolis by Rob Carter - Last 3 minutes from Rob Carter on Vimeo.

Charlotte is one of the fastest growing cities in the country, primarily due to the continuing influx of the banking community, resulting in an unusually fast architectural and population expansion that shows no sign of faltering despite the current economic climate. However, this new downtown Metropolis is therefore subject to the whim of the market and the interest of the giant corporations that choose to do business there.

Made entirely from images printed on paper, the animation literally represents this sped up urban planners dream, but suggests the frailty of that dream, however concrete it may feel on the ground today. Ultimately the video continues the city development into an imagined hubristic future, of more and more skyscrapers and sports arenas and into a bleak environmental future. It is an extreme representation of the already serious water shortages that face many expanding American cities today; but this is less a warning, as much as a statement of our paper thin significance no matter how many monuments of steel, glass and concrete we build.

http://digitalurban.blogspot.com/search?q=architectural

Africa Maps

Países de África (3 )Países de África (2)Países de África (1)
Capitales de África (1) Capitales de África (2)

The Benavente plan

Ver mapa más grande

Homework: On the plan locate:

• The historical centre and the business district
• The main residencial areas
• the industrial areas
• the main streets

What kind of City layout are there?, Only one?

You can use one of these plans

Site Features

Site features

The site of a settlement is the land on which it is built. There are a number of different types of sites which have been used for settlements from earliest times.

Site	Characteristics
Defensive	Difficult to attack e.g. hill-top or island
Hill-foot	Sheltered, with flat land for building and farming
Gap	Lower, more sheltered land between two hills
Wet point	Close to water in a dry area
Dry point	On higher, dry area close to wet land e.g. marshes or flooding rivers
Route centre	Focus of routes (e.g. roads) from surrounding area
Bridging point	Where bridges can be built over a river

Identify the type of site by matching each settlement letter to the appropriate description of its site.

Hill-foot
Gap
Wet-Point
Dry-Point
Route Centre

The importance of individual site features changes through time.

In Early Times (before 1800)

Feature	Reason / example
Good defence	Hard to attack e.g. hill top, island
Close to water	For water and fish supplies
Close to woodland	For fuel, building materials and food
On useful farmland	To provide food
Flat land	Makes building easier
Good communications	By road and river

In Later Times (after 1800), other features became important when considering the site of a settlement

Feature	Reason / example
Close to resources	As raw materials for industry e.g. limestone or coal
Close to ports	To transport raw materials or goods
Faster communication	As industry grew and developed e.g. canals, railways and more recently, motorways and airports.
Pleasant environment	For a) larger number of retired people and b) hi-tech industries which wish to locate in attractive areas

by the BBC

Settlement hierarchies

If we group and classify a number of settlements according to their size and shape the result is settlement hierarchy

Pyramid showing relationship between population and services

As you move up the hierarchy, the size of the settlement and the distance between similar sized settlements increases. As you can see from the diagram below, there are more cities than conurbations, more towns than cities and more villages than towns.

The number of services that a settlement provides increases with settlement size.

Small settlements will only provide low order services such as a post offices, doctors and newsagents. Large towns, cities and conurbations will provide low and high order services such as leisure centres, chain stores and hospitals.

Larger settlements and conurbations have a much larger sphere of influence than smaller ones. This means they attract people from a wider area because of the facilities they offer. Cities such as London have a global sphere of influence, whereas a small hamlet or village may only have a sphere of influence of a couple of kilometres.

Services such as department stores selling high order goods have a higher threshold than those selling low order goods such as newsagents. This means they need a higher number of people to support them and make them profitable, therefore they will only be found in larger settlements. It also means that there are fewer big department stores than small newsagents.

The range of a service or product is the maximum distance people are prepared to travel to purchase it. The range of a newspaper is much lower than an item of furniture for example. By the BBC - GCSE Bitesize

America maps

América

Países de América del Norte (3) Países de América del Norte (2) Países de América del Norte (1)
Capitales de América del Norte (2)Capitales de América del Norte (1)
Países de América del Sur (3)Países de América del Sur (2)Países de América del Sur
Capitales de América del Sur (2)Capitales de América del Sur (1)

Asia Maps

Países de Asia (3) Países de Asia (2)Países de Asia (1)

Países de Oriente Medio (3)Capitales de Asia (2)Capitales de Asia (1)

London Fly Through

Europe Maps

Europa
Países de Europa (3)Países de Europa (2)Países de Europa (1)
Capitales de Europa (2)Capitales de Europa (1)

The Gipsies

The term "Gypsies" is used by outsiders to label an ethnic group the members of which refer to themselves as Rom and speak a language known as Romany. No one knows exactly how many Gypsies there are, either in general or in Spain in particular. Estimates of the Spanish Gypsy population range as low as 500,000 and as high as 700,000, and other estimates place theEastern Europe Gypsy population at between 5 and 8 million. Correct estimates are made difficult by the nomadic life-style followed by a portion of the group, by their cultural isolation, by the sense of mystery surrounding them and their origins, and by the division of the population into a number of distinctive subgroups.

It is generally accepted that Gypsies migrated out of India into Europe as early as the eleventh century. There are records of their having arrived in Spain as early as 1425 and in Barcelona, in particular, by 1447. At first they were well received and were even accorded official protection by many local authorities. In 1492, however, when official persecution began against Moors and Jews to cleanse the peninsula of non-Christian groups, the Gypsies were included in the list of peoples to be assimilated or driven out. For about 300 years, Gypsies were subject to a number of laws and policies designed to eliminate them from Spain as an identifiable group: Gypsy settlements were broken up and the residents dispersed; Gypsies were required to marry non-Gypsies; they were denied their language and rituals as well as well being excluded from public office and from guild membership. By the time this period had drawn to a close, Gypsies had been driven into a permanently submerged underclass from which they had not escaped in the late 1980s.

Spanish Gypsies are usually divided into two main groups: gitanos and hungaros (for Hungarians). The former, in turn, are divided into subgroups classified by both social class and cultural differences. In the late 1980s, the gitanos lived predominantly in southern and central Spain. Many of them took up a sedentary form of life, working as street vendors or entertainers. Although poor and largely illiterate, they were usually well integrated into Spanish society. The hungaros, however, are Kalderash, one of the divisions of the group from Central Europe (hence the name). They were much poorer than the gitanos and lived an entirely nomadic lifestyle, usually in tents or shacks around the larger cities. They made their living by begging or stealing, and they were much more of a problem for Spanish authorities. Many gitanos denied the hungaros the status of being in their same ethnic group, but outsiders tend to regard them all as basically Gypsies. In any case, whatever common ethnic consciousness they possessed was not sufficient to make them a significant political force.

Under Franco, Gypsies were persecuted and harassed, as indeed they were throughout the areas of Europe controlled by Nazi Germany. In the post-Franco era, however, Spanish government policy has been much more sympathetic toward them, especially in the area of social welfare and social services. Since 1983, for example, the government has operated a special program of compensatory education to promote educational rights for the disadvantaged, including those in Gypsy communities. The challenge will be to devise programs that bring the Gypsy population into the mainstream of the country's economic and political life without eroding the group's distinctive cultural and linguistic heritage, by ....

HOMEWORK:

• Where did the gipsy people come from?
• How many gypsies are there in the world?
• How many gipsies are there in Spain?
• What language do they speak in Spain?
• What do you think the gipsies are excluded from the society?
• Are social integrartion programmes necesary? why?, why not?
  

Types of Societies

Types of Societies

Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history, sociologists and anthropologists (experts who study early and tribal cultures) usually refer to six basic types of societies, each defined by its level of technology.

Hunting and gathering societies

The members of hunting and gathering societies primarily survive by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering plants. The vast majority of these societies existed in the past, with only a few (perhaps a million people total) living today on the verge of extinction.

To survive, early human societies completely depended upon their immediate environment. When the animals left the area, the plants died, or the rivers dried up, the society had to relocate to an area where resources were plentiful. Consequently, hunting and gathering societies, which were typically small, were quite mobile. In some cases, where resources in a locale were extraordinarily plentiful, small villages might form. But most hunting and gathering societies were nomadic, moving constantly in search of food and water.

Labor in hunting and gathering societies was divided equally among members. Because of the mobile nature of the society, these societies stored little in the form of surplus goods. Therefore, anyone who could hunt, fish, or gather fruits and vegetables

did so. These societies probably also had at least some division of labor based on gender. Males probably traveled long distances to hunt and capture larger animals. Females hunted smaller animals, gathered plants, made clothing, protected and raised children, and helped the males to protect the community from rival groups.

Hunting and gathering societies primarily survive by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering plants. The vast majority of these societies existed in the past, with only a few (perhaps a million people total) living today on the verge of extinction.

Pastoral societies

Members of pastoral societies, which first emerged 12,000 years ago, pasture animals for food and transportation. Pastoral societies still exist today, primarily in the desert lands of North Africa where horticulture and manufacturing are not possible.

Domesticating animals allows for a more manageable food supply than do hunting and gathering. Hence, pastoral societies are able to produce a surplus of goods, which makes storing food for future use a possibility. With storage comes the desire to develop settlements that permit the society to remain in a single place for longer periods of time. And with stability comes the trade of surplus goods between neighboring pastoral communities.

Pastoral societies allow certain of its members (those who are not domesticating animals) to engage in nonsurvival activities. Traders, healers, spiritual leaders, craftspeople, and people with other specialty professions appear.

Horticultural societies

Unlike pastoral societies that rely on domesticating animals, horticultural societies rely on cultivating fruits, vegetables, and plants. These societies first appeared in different parts of the planet about the same time as pastoral societies. Like hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies had to be mobile. Depletion of the land's resources or dwindling water supplies, for example, forced the people to leave. Horticultural societies occasionally produced a surplus, which permitted storage as well as the emergence of other professions not related to the survival of the society.

Agricultural societies

Agricultural societies use technological advances to cultivate crops (especially grains like wheat, rice, corn, and barley) over a large area. Sociologists use the phrase Agricultural Revolution to refer to the technological changes that occurred as long as 8,500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising farm animals. Increases in food supplies then led to larger populations than in earlier communities. This meant a greater surplus, which resulted in towns that became centers of trade supporting various rulers, educators, craftspeople, merchants, and religious leaders who did not have to worry about locating nourishment.

Greater degrees of social stratification appeared in agricultural societies. For example, women previously had higher social status because they shared labor more equally with men. In hunting and gathering societies, women even gathered more food than men. But as food stores improved and women took on lesser roles in providing food for the family, they became more subordinate to men.

As villages and towns expanded into neighboring areas, conflicts with other communities inevitably occurred. Farmers provided warriors with food in exchange for protection against invasion by enemies. A system of rulers with high social status also appeared. This nobility organized warriors to protect the society from invasion. In this way, the nobility managed to extract goods from the “lesser” persons of society.

Feudal societies

From the 9th to 15th centuries, feudalism was a form of society based on ownership of land. Unlike today's farmers, vassals under feudalism were bound to cultivating their lord's land. In exchange for military protection, the lords exploited the peasants into providing food, crops, crafts, homage, and other services to the owner of the land. The caste system of feudalism was often multigenerational; the families of peasants may have cultivated their lord's land for generations.

Between the 14th and 16th centuries, a new economic system emerged that began to replace feudalism. Capitalism is marked by open competition in a free market, in which the means of production are privately owned. Europe's exploration of the Americas served as one impetus for the development of capitalism. The introduction of foreign metals, silks, and spices stimulated great commercial activity in Europe.

Industrial societies

Industrial societies are based on using machines (particularly fuel-driven ones) to produce goods. Sociologists refer to the period during the 18th century when the production of goods in mechanized factories began as the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution appeared first in Britain, and then quickly spread to the rest of the world.

As productivity increased, means of transportation improved to better facilitate the transfer of products from place to place. Great wealth was attained by the few who owned factories, and the “masses” found jobs working in the factories.

Industrialization brought about changes in almost every aspect of society. As factories became the center of work, “home cottages” as the usual workplace became less prevalent, as did the family's role in providing vocational training and education. Public education via schools and eventually the mass media became the norm. People's life expectancy increased as their health improved. Political institutions changed into modern models of governance. Cultural diversity increased, as did social mobility. Large cities emerged as places to find jobs in factories. Social power moved into the hands of business elites and governmental officials, leading to struggles between industrialists and workers. Labor unions and welfare organizations formed in response to these disputes and concerns over workers' welfare, including children who toiled in factories. Rapid changes in industrial technology also continued, especially the production of larger machines and faster means of transportation. The Industrial Revolution also saw to the development of bureaucratic forms of organization, complete with written rules, job descriptions, impersonal positions, and hierarchical methods of management.

Postindustrial societies

Sociologists note that with the advent of the computer microchip, the world is witnessing a technological revolution. This revolution is creating a postindustrial society based on information, knowledge, and the selling of services. That is, rather than being driven by the factory production of goods, society is being shaped by the human mind, aided by computer technology. Although factories will always exist, the key to wealth and power seems to lie in the ability to generate, store, manipulate, and sell information.

Sociologists speculate about the characteristics of postindustrial society in the near future. They predict increased levels of education and training, consumerism, availability of goods, and social mobility. While they hope for a decline in inequality as technical skills and “know-how” begin to determine class rather than the ownership of property, sociologists are also concerned about potential social divisions based on those who have appropriate education and those who do not. Sociologists believe society will become more concerned with the welfare of all members of society. They hope postindustrial society will be less characterized by social conflict, as everyone works together to solve society's problems through science.

Read more: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Types-of-Societies.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26856.html#ixzz0oJmPCQiU

HOMEWORK:

Types	Time	Lifestyle	Special features
Hunting and gathering societies
Pastoral societies
Horticultural societies
Agricultural societies
Feudal societies
Industrial societies
Postindustrial societies

To Know more..

Vocabulary Units 9 and 10

Unit 9		Unit 10
Renaissance Humanism Erasmus de Rotterdam Thomas Moro Juan Luis Vives Johannes Gutenberg Printing Press Nicolas Copernicus Heliocentric Theory Ptolomaic Geocentric theory Quattrocento Cinquecento Proportion Leon Battista Alberti Bramante Michelangelo Maderno Masaccio	Perspective Raphael Leonardo Titian Donatello Albrecht Durer Herrerian Style Plateresque style Greco Martin Luther Lutheranism Protestant Calvinism Predestination Henry VIII Anglican Church Council of Trent Society of Jesus Inquisition	Charles I Holy Roman Empire Comuneros Juan de Padilla Philip II Viceroy Ottoman Turks German Protestant Princes Elizabeth I Invincible Armada Hernan Cortes Aztec Empire Inca Empire Francisco Pizarro Council of Indies Viceroyalty of Peru Viceroyalty of New Spain Casa de Contratación

Homework:

• First of all you have to do the glosary in the end of your book.
• Second, you have to look for the meaning of these words and write them in english:

You need to know these words and your meanings for the next exam. I´m going to ask you.

Population World

In Spring 2000 world population estimates reached 6 billion; that is 6 thousand million. The distribution of the earth's population is shown in this map.

India, China and Japan appear large on the map because they have large populations. Panama, Namibia and Guinea-Bissau have small populations so are barely visible on the map.

Population is very weakly related to land area. However, Sudan which is geographically the largest country in Africa, has a smaller population than Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa and Tanzania.

Doctors Without Borders

Doctor Without Borders

Find out more about Doctors without Borders and other non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that work in developing countries.

• Would you be prepared to work in one of them? Why? Why not?
• What problems face most people in developing countries?
• Would their situation be better if the birth rate fell? Why? Why not?
• Why do many people in Africa die before they are 40 years old?
• Why is a child in an underdeveloped country more likely to die than a child in a developed one?

Population rates

There are three fundamental mechanisms which influence populations and their structure: births, deaths and migrations. The purpose of this is to introduce some of the basic calculations which are used to understand the nature of populations. Typically, demographic variables are expressed as rates. A rate is a measure that reflects the frequency of an event (such as birth), relative to the population that may experience that event. Rates are useful because they allow us to make comparisons between different populations and because they can be compared across time to discover trends in a particular population.

Measuring Fertility: CRUDE BIRTH RATE

The crude birth rate (often referred to simply as the birth rate) is the most commonly used index of fertility. This is the ratio of the number of live births each year to the total population (usually measured at the mid-point of the year). It is expressed as the number of births per 1,000 population. e.g. if 3,000 babies were born in a population of 150,000, then the crude birth rate would be 20 per 1,000.

1. Why is it called a crude rate?

Measuring Mortality: CRUDE DEATH RATE

The crude death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 members of a given population. It may be calculated for the population at the mid-point of the year or at the beginning of the year.

Population Growth: NATURAL INCREASE

Natural increase is a simple measure of population growth which examines the differences between births (fertility) and deaths (mortality) in a given group. It is usually determined by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate. Natural increase is generally expressed as a percentage figure. e.g. an annual natural increase of 0.8 means that a country is increasing its population by 0.8 per cent each year.

If the death rate is greater than the birth rate, then a population may be experiencing natural decrease.

2. What aspect of population growth or decline is not measured by the natural increase calculation?

Births and Deaths in the Republic of Ireland, 1995 – 2002 (selected years)

Source: CSO, 2004	1995	1998	2000	2002
Births	48,787	53,600	54,239	60,521
Deaths	32,259	31,400	31,115	29,348
Total Population (estimated)	3,601,300	3,704,900	3,786,900	3,917,203

3. Calculate the Birth and Death Rates for Ireland in each of the four years

4. Calculate the Natural Increase for Ireland in each of the four years.

5. Write a short paragraph outlining the population changes experienced over the period from 1995 to 2002, based on this data.