Vocabulary Units 9 and 10

Unit 9		Unit 10
Renaissance Humanism Erasmus de Rotterdam Thomas Moro Juan Luis Vives Johannes Gutenberg Printing Press Nicolas Copernicus Heliocentric Theory Ptolomaic Geocentric theory Quattrocento Cinquecento Proportion Leon Battista Alberti Bramante Michelangelo Maderno Masaccio	Perspective Raphael Leonardo Titian Donatello Albrecht Durer Herrerian Style Plateresque style Greco Martin Luther Lutheranism Protestant Calvinism Predestination Henry VIII Anglican Church Council of Trent Society of Jesus Inquisition	Charles I Holy Roman Empire Comuneros Juan de Padilla Philip II Viceroy Ottoman Turks German Protestant Princes Elizabeth I Invincible Armada Hernan Cortes Aztec Empire Inca Empire Francisco Pizarro Council of Indies Viceroyalty of Peru Viceroyalty of New Spain Casa de Contratación

Homework:

• First of all you have to do the glosary in the end of your book.
• Second, you have to look for the meaning of these words and write them in english:

You need to know these words and your meanings for the next exam. I´m going to ask you.

Spread of the potato

From its origin in the highlands of Southern Peru the domesticated potato has been transported all around the world.

The first diffusion of the domesticated potato was within the Americas. It started (possibly thousands of years ago) when early farmers from the highlands of southern Peru, took their crop plants both further north into Central America and South to southern Chile.

The next major spread of the potato came as a result of the Spanish invasion of South America in the 1500s. An early account of the potato (published in 1551) by the Spanish explorer Cieza de Leon describes it as "… a kind of earth nut, which after it has been boiled, is as tender as a cooked chestnut, but it has no more skin than a truffle, and it grows under the earth in the same way."

Evidence from early herbarium (plant library) specimens indicate that the first potatoes introduced to Europe came from the northern highlands of South America, around Peru and Columbia. These areas were part of the Incan Empire, which was conquered by the Spanish in 1532.

It seems likely then that it was the Spanish that first exported the potato from South America. Though it appears that rather than being introduced directly to mainland Europe they were first cultivated in the Canary Islands. From there they were then shipped to European countries including Belgium and France. The first record of a potato on mainland Europe comes in the accounts of a Spanish hospital in 1573.

The cultivated potato was introduced to Bermuda by the British in 1613, from where it was introduced into North America in 1621. The British were then responsible for spreading the potato to India and China in the late 1600s.

Also in the late 1600s potatoes appeared in Africa and Japan and potatoes were introduced to New Zealand in 1769, being swiftly adopted by the Maoris who were already cultivating sweet potatoes ( Plant histories).

What do you think about this spread?

The Spanish Armada

The Spanish Armada

In May 1588 a massive invasion fleet or 'Armada' sailed from the port of Lisbon. It was made up of 130 ships fitted with 2,500 guns. They carried 30,000 soldiers and sailors. This great war fleet was bound for England.

Why is the 1588 battle with the Spanish Armada so famous?

The Armada is famous because at that time England was a small nation with a little navy and they were facing the greatest power in the world (Spain). They defeated Spain, with help from Mother Nature. It marked the beginning of England's mastery of the seas.

The great history of the English navy began, as did serious English exploration and colonization.

Why was the Spanish Armada launched against England?

The Spanish monarch, Philip II, was angry that Queen Elizabeth had not punished Sir Francis Drake and other English seadogs for plundering Spanish ships.

Philip was a devout Catholic. He felt it was his duty to invade and conquer England in order to convert the country back to the Church of Rome.

Where did the Spanish fleet meet the English fleet?

The two fleets met in the English Channel. There were many more Spanish ships than the English ships but the English ships were smaller and easy to manoeuvre. This would turn out to be a great advantage for the English.

How did Queen Elizabeth I's fire ships help to defeat the Spanish Armada?

On 6 August 1588, the Spanish Armada anchored at Calais. The English filled eighty ships with flammable material and set fire to them. They sent in fireships to panic the Spaniards and scatter the Armada's formation. (The Armada's formation, the famous crescent, had proved extremely successful in previous campaign as it allowed all ships to fire their heavy guns simultaneously.) The Spanish panicked and fled to the open sea, straight into the gunfire of the waiting English.

In the open sea, the Armada wasn’t in formation, so the Spanish ships were easy targets for the English artillery.

What also aided the English in defeating the Armada?

An important reason why the English were able to defeat the Armada was that the wind blew the Spanish ships northwards. Strong winds and terrible rain forced many ships onto rocks near
Ireland.

The English celebrated their victory with a medal saying 'God Blew and they were Scattered'

based in ....

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Charles V and the Holy roman Empire

Charles_V__Holy_Roman_Emperor

Homework:

Where was born Charles V?

Could Charles V make decisions alone?

Whose approval did he need before increasing taxes, for example?

Who were the children of Charles I?

Who ruled each territory in the king’s name?

Why did the king need to ask for loans?

Why did Charles V have problems with France?

The main battles against France

Why were the Ottoman Turks his rivals?

The main battles against the Ottoman Empire

What was his most serious problem?

How did he divide his possessions when he surrendered his power?

Where Charles V decided to retire

Vídeos de España en el s. XVI

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La Revuelta de las Comunidades

La revuelta de las Comunidades tuvo un marcado carácter urbano y municipalista, con claro dominio del patriciado hidalgo y letrado, en ciudades y villas como Toledo, Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Cuenca, Madrid y Guadalajara. La alta nobleza quedó, en principio, al margen de la revuelta para ponerse del lado del Emperador en cuanto el tono antiseñorial del movimiento provocó las primeras alarmas entre sus miembros.
Su programa aparece, ante todo, en los documentos y manifiestos de la Junta Santa de Avila constituida en septiembre de 1520, y su gran pretensión habría sido conseguir el apoyo efectivo de la reina Juana retirada en Tordesillas y cuya realeza plena reclaman los comuneros frente a los abusos de su hijo. Esta, sin duda, primera gran revuelta del siglo XVI (1520-1521) es una muestra del vigor de la postura particularista castellana frente al universalismo de la idea imperial de Carlos V y sus consejeros, quienes no consiguieron convencer en las Cortes de Santiago-La Coruña de los beneficios que para Castilla tendría la política carolina. Los comuneros defienden los privilegios y libertades del reino frente a la corte y al propio monarca, insistiendo en la necesidad de gobernar Castilla conforme a sus primeros fueros particulares, con el concurso de sus naturales (indigenato) y con el consentimiento de sus cortes privativas.
Sus caudillos más destacados fueron el regidor segoviano Juan Bravo, Francisco Maldonado, de Salamanca, y Juan Padilla, al frente de las milicias municipales de Toledo y quien asumió el mando de las fuerzas comuneras, convirtiéndose en el más importante jefe militar de los sublevados. El 23 de abril de 1521, los comuneros son derrotados por la caballería realista en Villalar; Padilla, Bravo y Maldonado serán ejecutados y sólo la ciudad de Toledo mantendrá viva durante algún tiempo la revuelta. En octubre de 1522, Carlos I concede un Perdón General que pretendía recuperar definitivamente la paz en Castílla tras los "grandes movimientos y alteraciones que en ella ha habido y hubo en ausencia de mí, el Rey... a voz de comunidades".
Mientras en Castilla se preparaba y desarrollaba la revuelta comunera, en Valencia y Mallorca se producían las Germanías, un movimiento quizá menos peligroso políticamente al no contar los agermanados con gran cohesión programática, pero que localmente supuso una enorme convulsión contra el poder señorial y la minoría de origen musulmán.

"que después dél [Carlos 1] no pueda suceder muger ninguna en el
reino; pero que no habiendo hijos, que puedan suceder hijos e hijas é de
nietas siendo nascidos é bautizados en Castilla; (...) quel Rey no pueda
poner Coregidor en ningun logar, sino que cada ciudad é villa elijan el
primero dia del año tres personas de los hidalgos é otras tres de los
labradores, é questos dos que escojeren sean alcaldes de cevil é criminal
por tres años, (...) que los oficios de la casa Real se hayan de dar á
personas que sean nascidos é bautizados en Castilla, (...), quel Rey no
pueda sacar ni dar licencia para que se saque moneda ninguna del reino,
ni pasta de oro ni de plata, é que en Castilla no pueda andar ni valer
moneda ninguna de vellon sino fuere fúndida é marcada en el reino (...)
Que cada é cuando alguno hubiere de suceder en el reino, antes que sea
rescibido por Rey, (...) confiese que rescibe el reino con estas
condiciones, (...)".
Peticiones de los comuneros en la Junta Santa de Ávila, 1521