Leonardo

The period that became known as the Renaissance (a French word meaning rebirth) began in Italy in the 14th century. In addition to a renewed interest in the classical works of Greece and Rome, the Renaissance inspired an explosion of trade, art, science, architecture, and literature.
During the Renaissance, Italy was made up of several independent city-states. Florence, which was ruled by the powerful and wealthy Medici family, became a mecca for painters, sculptors, philosophers, scientists, and poets largely because of the Medicis’ eagerness to sponsor the work of such artists. One of the most famous of these artists, both in his own time and today, was Leonardo da Vinci.
In 1452, Leonardo was born in a village near the town of Vinci.
He showed a talent for drawing early on and was taken to Florence as an apprentice to the painter Andrea del Verrocchio.

Although only a few of his paintings survive—the most famous of which is the Mona Lisa—Leonardo’s superb use of color, perspective, and line make each of them a masterpiece.
In addition to being a master painter, Leonardo was an extraordinarily brilliant sculptor, thinker,
architect, scientist, and inventor, as well as a musician and an engineer. Among the many inventions he created or envisioned—hundreds of years ahead of his time—were the submarine, tank, helicopter, bicycle, and telescope. Many of Leonardo’s creations were never finished, but he left behind thousands of pages of drawings, records, experiments, observations, and plans in dozens of notebooks.
Unfortunately, many more pages were lost. They were each in Leonardo’s distinctive script, written from right to left and requiring a mirror to read them. It is not known why Leonardo wrote this way, but some theorize that he used backward writing to keep his ideas secret.
Although Leonardo experienced great success throughout his life, he was constantly in search of
a patron. One of the most unlikely of his patrons was Cesare Borgia, the son of the corrupt Pope Alexander II. A brilliant but ruthless general, Borgia’s goal was to seize control of central Italy from the French who then ruled it. Leonardo traveled with Borgia for a year as a military engineer, inspecting fortresses and making maps.
Around 1516, Leonardo left Italy for France, where he lived out his final days in the court of Francis I.
He took with him his notebooks and three paintings, including the Mona Lisa. In 1860, historian Jacob Burckhardt referred to Leonardo as the “universal man,” because he had excelled in so many areas.
Today we often refer to such a genius as a “Renaissance man”.

Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo's Mystery Machinery
Leonardo - Take a closer look (flash)
Leonardo - Right to Left
Leonardo da Vinci
The renaissance connection
Who is who

What do you think about Leonardo?

Test sobre la Ciudad medieval

Test sobre el Románico

Ciudad y Comercio Medieval

Ciudad y Comercio Medieval

View more presentations from Pablo Torres.

How to understand the Romanesque art ?

How to Understand Romanesque Art

Romanesque art, as a definitive style, emerged around the year 1000 and lasted until about 1150 in France, Italy, Britain and the German fiefdoms. The name literally means "in the style of the Roman.

1. Step 1

   Recognize that this was a period of huge physical migration. For the first time in history, people were making religious pilgrimages across vast distances, stopping in various cities along the way.

2. Step 2

   Recognize that the Crusades began in 1095 with the intention of recapturing Jerusalem from its Jewish and Muslim dwellers. This led to increased trade between northern Europe and the Islamic world.

3. Step 3

   Know that the Romanesque is most famous for its monasticism and illuminated manuscripts. Monks wrote out pages by hand, using and developing a script called Caroline miniscule - a precursor to the Roman alphabet we now use - and embellished the pages with gold and, less commonly, silver.

4. Step 4

   Look at pictures and examples of Romanesque art and architecture. There are good examples on the Internet.

5. Step 5

   Know that two things took place in wall painting and manuscript illumination: Forms became smoother and more fluent with a less aggressively patterned interpretation put on nature, and the interest in contemporary Byzantine art grew more intense. Both of these tendencies aimed at representing human actions and interactions with greater conviction and increased psychological power.

6. Step 6

   Know that this period is characterized by the building of churches with vaulted ceilings of masonry. Mason vaulting was highly fire-retardant in an era when marauding hordes and competing feudal lords regularly sacked and destroyed churches and their communities.

7. Step 7

   Notice that relief sculpture began to appear in art, particularly in churches and in pictures with religious themes. about it
   

The music in this art, The Gregorian:



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Desplegable romanico
Diccionario románico
English romanesque art dictionary
Glossary with Medieval art Vocabulary


How recognize you the Romanesque art ?

HOMEWORK. you have to put the name of several places in the last two pictures. in English and Spanish.

Writes and you should put it in your blog

What were the Crusades?

What were the Crusades?

The Crusades were a series of military campaigns during the time of Medieval England against the Muslims of the Middle East. In 1076, the Muslims had captured Jerusalem - the most holy of holy places for Christians. Jesus had been born in nearby Bethlehem and Jesus had spent most of his life in Jerusalem. He was crucified on Calvary Hill, also in Jerusalem. There was no more important place on Earth than Jerusalem for a true Christian which is why Christians called Jerusalem the "City of God".

However, Jerusalem was also extremely important for the Muslims as Muhammad, the founder of the Muslim faith, had been there and there was great joy in the Muslim world when Jerusalem was captured. A beautiful dome - called the Dome of the Rock - was built on the rock where Muhammad was said to have sat and prayed and it was so holy that no Muslim was allowed to tread on the rock or touch it when visiting the Dome.

Therefore the Christian fought to get Jerusalem back while the Muslims fought to keep Jerusalem. These wars were to last nearly 200 years

A Time line of the Crusades

Some History books do slightly vary with their dates regarding when the Crusades started. The problem seems to be on deciding whether the date a crusade was called for is the date it started, on or whether the date troops actually left for a crusade is the date it started.

The First Crusade : 1096 to 1099

The Second Crusade : 1147 to 1149

The Third Crusade : 1189 to 1192

The Fourth Crusade : 1201 to 1204

The Fifth Crusade : 1218 to 1221

The Sixth Crusade : 1228 to 1229

The Seventh Crusade : 1248 to 1254

The Eighth Crusade : 1270

In 1212 what became known as the Children’s Crusade also occurred.

Homework: Read the text and answer briefly the question: What and how were the Crusades? Writes in your blog

Vocabulary unit 1 and 2

Homework:

• First of all you have to do the glosary in the end of your book.
• Second, you have to look for the meaning of these words and write them in english:

Unit 1	Unit 2
Allah Byzantine Empire Carolingian Empire Germanic Hegira Islam Justinian Code mosaics monotheistic Ramadan Huns Basileus Bizantine Orthodox Chuch East-West Schism Icons Treaty of Verdum Missi dominici Counties	Vikings Magyars Saracens Serfs nobles Fief o manor Vassals Paid homage Court Demesne Clergy Privileged states Pope Order of Saint Benedict Regular clergy Knight Tithe Fallow Self-sufficient

You need to know these words and your meanings for the next exam. I will ask you.

How bread was made in medieval times?

Find out how the bread was made in medieval times. Describe the process. You can start like this:

• First , the wheat was planted in the soil
• After that......

Deberías ver los vídeos, sino sabes cómo se desarrolla todo el proceso, para poderlo describir.

Describing a painting

Describing this painting.
Describe the relationship between the people who are in the painting. Where are they?

Castle

Since the power and security of a lord depended upon his ability to defend himself, fief owners began to build sturdy castles. Castles were designed to withstand a siege and to mount a defense.

At first castles were made of wood. But they were too easy to burn down. By 1100 CE, castles were built of stone. Thick walls surrounded a castle. Inside these thick walls, there were many buildings.

At the first sign of trouble, the commoners rushed to get inside the castle walls before the gates closed and shut them out.

Location: Castles were usually built on top of a hill, if one was handy. That way, the lookout guards could more easily spot attackers approaching.

The Moat: A moat was built around many of the castles. This was a deep ditch surrounding the castle walls, filled with water. A bridge was built to cross the moat. The bridge was raised during an attack. The moat was loaded with traps and sharp spikes in case someone tried to swim across.

The Drawbridge: The drawbridge was the bridge built across the moat. This bridge could be raised and lowered for added protection from intruders.

The Keep: One of the largest spaces behind the thick walls was the keep. The keep was a storage area topped by a huge square tower with slotted windows for castle archers to use. The keep stored food, wine, and grain in case of siege.

The Barracks: Other buildings made up the barracks. the barracks were the homes of the knights and their families.

The Great Hall: The Great Hall was a passageway that connected the lord's home to the keep.

The Chapel: The chapel was build either inside the lord's home or as a separate building. The chapel was a place to hold religious services.

The Gatehouse: The gatehouse was a building used by the guards at the gates. The portcullis was the grating of iron bars at the gateway. (medievaleurope)

Here play with the Castle

And one interesting web about Medieval Arms Race



TAREA : EXPLICA LA DIFICULTAD QUE PODÍA SUPONER APODERARSE DE UN CASTILLO Y QUÉ ARMAS MEDIEVALES PODRÍAN SER LAS MÁS EFICACES. PUBLÍCALO EN TU BLOG

The Bayeux tapestry

Here you can read the tale told by the Bayeux Tapestry -
The story of William the Conqueror and Harold, Earl of Wessex, the men who led the Norman and Saxon armies in 1066. William's defeat of Harold at the Battle of Hastings ensured the success of the Norman invasion of England...

Historians can tell a lot about daily life from the scenes on the Bayeux Tapestry. The tapestry has boats, people, activities, carts, horses, and so much more. All you can see in one scene is a group of horse heads sticking out of the top of a boat. But from this, historians can guess that horses were carried by boats to the battle.

During medieval times, tapestries were common. They were used to decorate castles and manor houses. This tapestry was probably made to fit in a specific place. The wall upon which it hung was probably right around 250 feet long.



HOMEWORK: Responde a las cuestiones que te hace en el enlace sobre el tapiz de la reina Matilde, de Bayeux.

The Normans

Battle of Hastings: After the last Anglo-Saxon king died in England, several people claimed the throne. One was the late king's cousin, William, Duke of Normandy. William was also a vassal of the king of France. He had a very strong feudal organization in northern France. His vassals included nearly all the Norman nobles. He had no trouble putting together a huge army of 6000 men, along with several hundred ships. He invaded England, and at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William defeated another rival for the throne. He was crowned King of England.

To keep all his Norman nobles happy and to thank them for their help, he took all the land away from the Saxon church officials and nobles, and gave it all to his Norman vassals. Anyone who had helped him became rich. What the Saxon people in England thought about all this mattered not to the new king of England, William the Conqueror.

The Great Council: William set up a council of Norman nobles and bishops. He called it the Great Council. The council's job was to help him rule effectively. But the Normans were very busy at first setting up their new land and homes. Still, William knew he could call on the nobles whenever he needed them.

The Great Council grew to become an important part of government. By the 1200's, the Great Council was called Parliament. It is still called Parliament today. By the 1400's, Parliament had divided into two chambers - the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Nobles and clergy ran the House of Lords. Knights and burgesses (a class of extremely wealthy merchants) ran the House of Commons.

Sheriffs: William had another great idea. He knew his nobles and bishops were going to need tax money to run their fiefs. William needed tax money to run the kingdom. He wanted local officials, under his control, in all the towns anyway. He created a new office called a sheriff. A sheriff's job was to collect taxes. Since the sheriff was a local official, a representative of the king, local sheriffs had a great deal of power.

The Domesday Book: William needed to know how much tax he could expect to collect. He appointed people out to every hamlet in the country. Their job was to count every pig, every person, every farm, every rooster in the kingdom. Their reports were entered in a book called the Domesday Book. It was the first census since Roman times.

The Battle of Hastings Game
Norman invasion quiz
Wilian the Conquerror

HOMEWORK : Who was Willian the Conqueror? What did he do?

El mundo feudal

Debes leer las partes que tienes en cada animación y tener claro o que en ellas se te presenta:

• Partes de un señorío feudal
• Ceremonia de homenaje
• Partes de un castillo
• Partes ciudad medieval

las invasiones vikingas

Homework: Draw your own map of Viking voyages. Or you could take a world map outline, and mark on it some of the places Vikings went to – such as Kiev (Ukraine), Novgorod (Russia), Constantinople (Istanbul in Turkey), Greenland, Iceland and North America. more information here or here

Find out how the Vikings lived. How do you think the Vikings might have argued in favour of their raids?

You can more information here.
Play with the Vikings or other game:Dig it up : Vikings, or another

Capilla Palatina de Aquisgrán

Gracias a una inscripción, hoy desaparecida, sabemos que el arquitecto fue Odón (o Eudes) de METZ .Las obras se iniciaron en el 790, y en el 797 se culminaba la cubierta del octógono central, siendo consagrada por el papa León III en el 805, dedicándola a Santa Maria.

Planta de la capilla.
Se concibió como una planta centralizada en torno a un octógono central al que rodea otro hexadecagonal (de 16 lados) y entre ambos un deambulatorio.

Interior (reconstrucción).
Por encima del deambulatorio hay una tribuna que abre al espacio central mediante unos arcos y a su vez este espacio central se eleva por encima de las tribunas y se cubre con una bóveda de paños.

El modelo del octógono de esta capilla recuerda a San Vital de Rávena. Es un edificio centralizado con otro envolvente. Cuando en el año 790 se comenzó la capilla, Carlomagno solicitó al Papa que tomaran los materiales para su construcción de Rávena, por lo que no es extraño que viera los edificios de allí, y quedaran impresionados. Hay sin embargo diferencias entre ambos.

La capilla palatina representa un paso atrás, porque en San Vital los arquitectos emplearon unos recursos de una sutileza arquitectónica que a los de Aquisgrán se les escaparon totalmente:

1. Por ejemplo en Aquisgrán la molduración horizontal está bastante marcada, con lo cual el sentido ascensional del edificio queda bastante cortado.
2. El arquitecto de San Vital de Rávena no hace líneas rectas, son exedras en la planta del octógono y esto provoca una mayor ligereza, por lo que se gana en dinamismo. Sin embargo, en la capilla de Aquisgrán si son rectas. Esto tampoco supieron captarlo los arquitectos carolingios.
3. En San Vital el ábside no está a eje en relación con el pórtico de entrada (diapo de la derecha) que da mayor libertad al edificio, evitando el encorsetamiento. En Aquisgrán sí está a eje con el pórtico.

TAREA: Empleando tu libro y los materiales que tienes aquí realiza una presentación en tu blog sobre la Capilla Palatina de Aquisgrán.

Mosques

Al Amway Mosque - Watch more amazing videos here

The Muslim building for communal worship is called a mosque. Muslims often refer to the mosque by its Arabic name, masjid. The word comes from the Arabic for "place of prostration".

Very often Mosques have a domed roof and a tall tower called a minaret. Muslims are called to prayer from the minaret. The man who who enters the minaret and calls them to prayer is called a muezzin.

In Britain, calling Muslims to pray this way is not allowed, so some Islamic communities broadcast the call to prayer on a radio frequency which Muslims can pick up in their homes and places of work using a small receiver.

There are no pictures or statues in a mosque. They are decorated with patterns and words from the Qur'an. There is also very little furniture inside because Muslims use prayer mats for prayer.

When people go into the mosque they take off their shoes. This is to keep it clean for prayer.

There is often a fountain or pool, or at least an area with water where people can wash (wudu). Muslim wash their hands, mouth, throat, nose, ears, arms up to the elbow and feet. This is a sacred wash that symbolises spiritual cleansing and purity in readiness for coming before God.

There is always a quibla wall in a Mosque which is the one facing Makkah (Mecca), it has an empty arch to signify the direction. It is important that Muslims always know the direction of Mecca.

Women do not pray in the same place as men, there is usually a screened off area for them.

HOMEWORK: What do you think about?

Justinian Code

Justinian Code
Some of the events leading to the Roman Empire's collapse were civil war, corruption, and foreign invasions that began in A.D. 161 which left the empire weak. Several emperors tried to prevent the collapse by dividing the empire into smaller regions.. Foreign invaders quickly overran the western part of the empire while the eastern half survived as the Byzantine Empire. Roman legal traditions survived through the efforts of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, who had Roman law organized into the Justinian Code.

In A.D. 528 the Emperor Justinian began a review of the old Roman laws. There were thousands of Roman laws that ordered life in the empire. The most famous which were reviewed were called the Twelve Tables. These tables assured that all citizens had a right to the protection of the laws. Nearly 1,000 years later, Emperor Justinian chose ten men to review 1,600 books full of Roman Law and create a simpler legal code. These men were able to create the Justinian Code with just over 4,000 laws.

Here you can see the Justinian Code.

Tarea: Busca información sobre el Código de Justiniano, y la importancia que tuvo y ha tenido hasta nuestros días

Age of Constantine. The-Founding of Constantinople

Constantinople was founded by the Roman emperor Constantine I on the site of an already existing city, Byzantium, settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion, probably around 671-662 BC. The site lay astride the land route from Europe to Asia and the seaway from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, and had in the Golden Horn an excellent and spacious harbour.

The Roman Empire grew to enormous proportions. It was huge! It covered most of Europe, most of North Africa, and some of Asia. That created problems.

One problem was that it was getting difficult to manage the empire effectively. Rome seemed very far away to the people in the provinces.The Empire was divided :

• The Western Roman Empire (Europe/North Africa) included the city of Rome.
• The Eastern Roman Empire (Turkey/parts of Asia) included the city of Byzantium
  

TAREA: Busca información sobre la Fundación de Constantinopla, donde se localizó y que es lo más destacable en la antiguedad sobre esta ciudad

Repaso

Vamos a repasar algunos aspectos de la Historia de Roma, debes colocar fechas y datos usando el paint de tu ordenador